International Harvester

In 1961, IH introduced two small new models: the 404 and the 504. A standard three-point hitch was now a factory feature, and it was equipped with a push-arm sensing mechanism. A significant innovation in the tractor world was the hydrostatic steering offered as an option for the 504. Also new for tractors was a dry paper air filter. There was a cooler for the hydraulic oil. The engine in the 404 was the same 2.2-liter gasoline engine previously used in the 340 model. The larger 504 was only a few horsepower more powerful but was also available as a diesel. The 504 also featured a larger-series transmission with a high-speed gear option. A bit later, the 6-cylinder 606 was introduced, which was only available as an International version with a wide front axle.

In 1965, the more powerful 656 was introduced, and two years later, the long-developed 656 Hydro with hydrostatic transmission went into production. The speed could be adjusted (0...34 km/h), and the driving direction could be changed with a single lever.

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Tractors

McCormick International/Farmall 404-656

In the autumn of 1970, the new models from the Doncaster factory were introduced: the 3-cylinder 454 and the 4-cylinder 574. The update was so extensive that largely the same features carried through until the 1990s.

The tractor brand was now solely International, and the grille followed the new IH style. Instead of the previous pre-chamber diesels, the engines were German direct injection diesels. There were 8+4 gears, and the transmission was fully synchronized. As an option, there was a hydraulic Torque Amplifier quick-shift feature, which, however, was not imported into Finland. The gear levers were positioned on the driver's left side in the British manner. The clutch disc was 11 inches in diameter and equipped with ceramic surfaces.

The steering was hydrostatic. The disc brakes were now oil-bath type. The power take-off had a separate hydraulic clutch. The hydraulic output was 45 liters per minute. The fuel tank was located at the rear. New features also included suspended pedals. Unlike the first image’s Sekura cab and the second image’s Victor cab seen in Finland, the earliest tractors had the Siro cab and later the Turla cab.

In 1971, these tractors also began to be produced with hydrostatic power transmission. The construction was the same as in IH’s American hydro models.

In 1972, the 474 was introduced, which largely followed the 574’s technology but had only 60 hp. It was replaced in 1974 by the 475, which was equipped with a Perkins engine. In 1973, the most powerful version, the 674, was introduced. It had 72 hp and greater hydraulic output. Initially, the speed of the 674 was significantly slower than the other models, which were quite fast, but it was later increased to 33 km/h. Later models had live power take-off. In 1976, the cab was switched to Sekura.

(In the picture, the performance figures of the 574 are given in British units, torque in lbs/foot)

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International 454-674

In 1971, model 354 replaced model 276, and model 444 replaced model 434. The new models still used the old 4-cylinder pre-chamber diesels, which now had power outputs of 35 and 42 hp. However, the design was new, and the grille was checkered. The factory-installed Victor cab was quite good, but in Finland, more modest Siro and Turla cabs were installed instead. The power take-off was now independent of the drive clutch. The only technical differences between the 354 and the 444 were the engine and a 10" clutch plate instead of an 11" one.

These tractors were the last Internationals manufactured at the Bradford factory, and in the final phase, production was transferred to Doncaster. At the same time, IH's engine manufacturing ended in England. Only model 444 was imported to Finland.

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International 354-444

In 1947, the Farmall A was replaced by the Super A. The Super A was available with a hydraulic system independent of the foot clutch. The successor to the C was the Super C in 1951, which featured disc brakes and a slightly bored-out engine. The last Super A models in 1954 had the same 2.0-liter engine as the Super C.

The H, intended for a two-wing plow, became the Super H in 1953. Its engine was also bored out for greater size, gaining an additional 7 horsepower, and the brakes were changed to disc brakes. The largest models, the Super M and Super MD, had been introduced a year earlier. In 1953, a quick-attachment system for the three-point hitch became available for the Farmall series. The 1954 innovation was a hydraulic quick-shift offered for the Super M/MD (Super M-TA/MD-TA).

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McCormick International Farmall Super A-MD

In 1924 International introduced the Farmall tractor. IH was already the largest manufacturer of agricultural machinery, but until then it hadn’t achieved much success in the tractor market. The versatile Farmall, however, was a hit. Within five years, 100,000 tractors had been built. The Farmall was lightweight and particularly well suited to row-crop work. Thanks to its portal axles, it had high ground clearance. Its four-cylinder gasoline engine produced 27 horsepower. It came standard with a power take-off, and attachment points for implements were provided at the front, between the axles, and at the rear. A distinctive feature was the steering column, which was carried forward over the hood.

Competitors quickly copied the Farmall’s design, and in 1932 three new models were introduced (F-12, F-20, and F-30), the middle one being roughly the same size as the original. In 1936 the color was changed from blue-gray to red. By then these models usually came equipped with pneumatic tires.

In the summer of 1939 a new series of lettered models was unveiled, featuring a stylized design developed under Raymond Loewy’s leadership. The smallest of the series, Model A, was a four-wheeled offset tractor—meaning the operator sat on the right-hand edge and had a clear view of an implement mounted in the center or of the area ahead alongside the hood. Model B used the same 19-horsepower engine but was three-wheeled, with the operator seated on the centerline. In 1940 a narrow-track BN version became available. An optional “Lift-all” pneumatic draft control, powered by exhaust gases, could be added to both the A and B models.

Models H and M were more closely based on the original Farmall design. Their separate, mid-length frame and high ground clearance made it easier to attach row-crop implements under the tractor. These models were most commonly fitted with dual front wheels. The “Lift-all” draft control was again optional. The transmission now had five gears—one more than the major competitors. The diesel version of the M, called the MD, was IH’s first diesel tractor. It started on gasoline, then switched over to diesel fuel once the engine was warm. The best-selling tractor in the U.S. during this era was the Model H, with 390,000 units produced. The Model M was also popular and was manufactured not only in Chicago but also in England (as the BM) and in Australia (as the AM).

In 1948 the Model B was replaced by the Model C. Its engine speed was raised to 1,650 RPM, the wheelbase was lengthened, the rear wheels were enlarged, and the portal axle design was abandoned.

The naming conventions varied: for example, the Model A was initially called the McCormick-Deering Farmall A, from 1946 the McCormick Farmall A, and as an industrial model simply the International A. The power ratings given here refer to the gasoline versions, which were a few horsepower stronger than their petrol (gasoline) counterparts.

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McCormick International Farmall A-MD

The International factory in Doncaster, England, began operations in 1949. At that time, the model in production was the Farmall BM, which differed very little from the American Farmall M. In 1952, the diesel model BMD equipped with a British overhead valve engine was introduced. In 1953, improved models Super BM and Super BMD followed, featuring more advanced clutch-independent hydraulics and a 12″ clutch. The belt pulley power in the diesel model was 47 hp, which was 25% more than before. There were 5+1 gears. The power take-off speed was changed to meet the standard 540 rpm. The Super models had self-adjusting disc brakes. In Sweden, the BM was known by the abbreviation EM.

In 1954, the models Super BW-6 and diesel model Super BWD-6 were introduced. The wheelbase was shorter than before. The British models began to diverge from the Farmalls, and the brand became McCormick International. The appearance was similar to the previous models and differed from the new American Farmall 100, 200, 300, and 400.

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McCormick International BM / BMD / Super BMD / BW-6 / BWD-6

The English International models changed to the 84 series at the end of 1977. However, new models did not arrive in Finland until a year later. The updates compared to the previous models were minor. The new almost flat-bottomed Sekura cab was factory-installed. More attention had been paid to maintainability than before; for example, it was no longer necessary to remove the cab for clutch repairs. The lifting capacity was slightly higher than before, and the fuel tank capacity was increased. The 784 and 884 were also available as four-wheel-drive models. The front axle was a Japanese Kimco.

In addition to the 484-884 models, the range included a parallel model of the 784 equipped with hydrostatic transmission called the Hydro 84, as well as the small 384, which still featured a very old pre-chamber diesel engine and an unsynchronized gearbox. The 384 was mainly based on the earlier 444's technology. The lower cab picture shows the LP cab of the 384.

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International 384-884

More from this manufacturer

Based on the successful Farmall row-crop models, IH developed the Deering standard tractor lineup. In the preceding W-12, W-30, and W-40 models, the main common feature with Farmalls had been the engine. In the series introduced in 1939, both the design and the technology were the same as in the Farmalls. The smallest W-4 corresponded to the H model, and the W-6/WD-6 corresponded to the M/MD models. There was no equivalent to the larger W-9 and its diesel version WD-9 in the Farmall series. All engines were 4-cylinder, and all models had 5+1 gears. The front axle was wide, and the ground clearance and length were less than those of the Farmalls. Parallel models were the WR models for rice cultivation and the O models for orchards. Similar tractors were also sold in yellow as industrial models under the International I series. From 1952 onward, the W-6/WD-6 models were also available with a hydraulic quick shift. The sales of the Deering series were about one-fifth of those of the Farmall, and the most popular model was the W-9.

In 1952/1953, the Deerings also received increased displacement and the word "Super" was added to their model designation.

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McCormick International Deering W-4 – WD-9

The IH factory located in Neuss, Germany, began manufacturing the smallest Farmall F-12 model in 1937. The engine was a 1.8-liter 15-horsepower gasoline engine. It had 3+1 gears. A couple of years later, a version with rubber tires was made available with a range extender that doubled the road speed.

The first IH model partially designed in Germany was the FS (spiked wheels) and FG (rubber wheels), introduced in 1940. It had an enlarged 2.0-liter engine, and the rubber-tired version had 4+1 gears. The FG was available as a high version with 40" wheels and a low version with 24" wheels.

Production of the FS and FG continued after the war. In 1951, a new diesel tractor, the DF-25, was introduced. Its engine was developed in Germany and started directly on diesel, unlike IH’s American diesel engines. In other respects, the DF-25 was the last German IH model based on American Farmall technology.

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McCormick International Farmall FS – DF-25

In 1947, IH introduced the Farmall Cub below the Farmall A, which was aimed at the smallest farms. Its design was very similar to the Farmall A: the driver sat on the right side of the centerline, and at the rear there was portal axle suspension to increase ground clearance. The 1.0-liter gasoline engine produced 10 hp. There were three gears, and the top speed was only 10 km/h. Steering brakes were standard. The Cub's PTO rotated in the opposite direction and at the same speed as the engine. The Cub was initially well received: in its first year, 45,000 units were sold.

In 1948, hydraulics became an optional accessory. In 1954, the grille with vertical bars was replaced by one in the style of the 100-series models, and in 1956 the grille and wheel rims were painted light-colored. In 1959, a new grille was introduced again, following the 60-series design. The main user base was more oriented toward property maintenance than farms, and considering this, the low-clearance Cub Lo-Boy was introduced in 1955. Serving the same purpose was the color change to yellow in 1960. In 1964, a new angular white-and-yellow Cub was introduced, now bearing the International brand. Not many tractor models have lasted 32 years with so few changes. In total, about 250,000 Cubs were produced.

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McCormick International Farmall Cub

In 1950, IH’s tractor factory was completed in St. Dizier, France, and the first model put into production was the 22-horsepower FC, which corresponded to the American Farmall C. The main differences from the American models were a wide front axle and a three-point hitch. The French tractors also had headlights mounted on the sides of the engine. In 1952, the FCN was introduced, which featured a diesel engine from Germany’s IH. Like the German DF-25, the engine required a separate frame in the tractor—in contrast to the gasoline Farmalls, where the engine was part of the load-bearing structure.

The engine factory in France was started up in 1953, and tractors equipped with French engines were designated Super FC-C for gasoline and Super FC-D for diesel. In 1954, shorter and lower models were introduced: the Utility Super FC-C and FC-D, as well as corresponding 103 cm wide vineyard models.

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McCormick International Farmall FC – FC-D

The IH factory located in Neuss, Germany, manufactured American Farmall models from 1937 onwards. The first diesel model was the 25-horsepower DF-25 introduced in 1951, which was still based on the pre-war American lineup.

In 1952, Germany’s IH replaced its 20-horsepower FG model with the new DED. This model was designed quite independently in Germany. The engine was a completely new 3-cylinder pre-chamber diesel, and the number of gears was increased from four to five. The front axle was suspended. The color was a stronger red than before, and the color of the wheel rims had changed to white. The attachment of the rear wheels was changed to the European style. As was typical in Germany, the differential lock was a standard feature.

The following year, the lineup expanded to three members. The DED was replaced by the DED3, which had minor improvements. Below it, the 2-cylinder DLD2 was introduced, and above it, the 4-cylinder DGD4. The engines were largely similar; only the number of cylinders differed. The letter abbreviations stood for: "Deutscher Leicht Diesel" (German Light Diesel), "Deutscher Einheits Diesel" (German Standard Diesel), and "Deutscher Gross Diesel" (German Large Diesel).

In the final phase of the model series, the transmission was changed to a 6-speed.

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McCormick International Farmall DLD2 – DGD4

In 1954 IH replaced its letter‐based model designations with numbers. At the same time the Deering brand name was dropped in favor of International. The first digit of each model number indicated how many plow bottoms the tractor was designed to pull. Both the 300 and 400 series were available as the Farmall row‐crop model or as the lower, wide‐front‐axle multipurpose International tractor. All models offered more engine power than before, and most also had increased displacement. Every Farmall now featured the Fast‐Hitch quick‐attach system first introduced on the Super C (which itself became the 200). This system did away with ball‐ended lift arms; instead, the tractor’s female connectors were recessed and the implement carried forward‐pointing pins. Implements built for Fast‐Hitch would not fit other brands of tractors, and Farmall’s own lineup required three different implement‐size categories. Adapters were advertised, for example, to fit 200‐series implements onto a 300 or even onto a conventional three‐point hitch. Hydraulic innovation came in the form of a two‐way (double‐acting) valve, and as standard or optional equipment there were also second and third hydraulic outlets.

The Farmall 100, which replaced the Farmall A, remained an offset model—meaning the operator sat at the right edge of the tractor while the engine and transmission were off to one side of the centerline. The new 300 and 400 models, succeeding the Super H and M, received a modern instrument panel and electric‐key ignition start. They also carried over the Torque Amplifier drop‐gear quick‐shift feature introduced on the earlier tractors. An independent live PTO driven off the foot clutch was available as an option. A distinctive feature of the Farmall 300 and 400 was the horizontal steering shaft running above the engine, a design element inherited from the very first Farmall tractors. On the International 400 you could get power steering. Finally, the hefty International 600—with its 5.7‐liter engine and 15-inch clutch—was produced for just over a year.

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McCormick International/Farmall 100-600

Production of the Farmall Cub in France began in 1955. The engine was manufactured in France and equipped with a Solex carburetor. In 1958, the Super Cub was introduced, with the engine speed increased to 2000 revolutions per minute. The power output was now 14 hp. Later Super Cubs received a white grille.

Above the Cub, in 1957, the diesel tractor F-135 D was introduced, based on the German D-217. The two-cylinder engine and ZF transmission were imported from Germany. The appearance differed from the German model, for example, the fuel tank was larger. Behind the steering wheel was a modern instrument panel. The differential lock was standard.

The updated model F-137 D came out in 1961. The power was increased to 20 horsepower. The fenders were wide.

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McCormick International Farmall Cub – F-137

Until 1955, Britain's International factories produced only large tractors based on the Farmall models. At that time, the small McCormick International B250 was introduced, which was manufactured in Bradford at the former Jowett car factory. The design foundation was now sought from the German IH's DGD 4 model. The B250 was powered by a 2.4-liter swirl chamber diesel engine based on a petrol engine, producing 30 hp. It had 5+1 gears. At the time, advanced features included disc brakes, a differential lock, and hydraulics independent of the clutch.

In 1958, the B275 was introduced, which had 8+2 gears and an engine power increased to 35 horsepower. Initially, it was better equipped than the B250, but after the old model was discontinued, the tires were reduced in size and equipment was cut back, including the work light and ignition lock. From 1960 onwards, a 1000 rpm PTO was available as an option.

A further developed model from the same basic structure was the 40-horsepower B414 introduced in 1961. Its appearance was brightened with light-colored trim. The B275's hydraulics were quite basic and it was equipped with a spring-based draft control system. The B414's Vary Touch hydraulics included normal push-rod sensing and other functions similar to the hydraulics of competing brands. Problems with cylinder head gaskets in the diesel converted from petrol engines began to become acute as power increased.

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McCormick International B250-B414

Following the example of the American automotive industry, in the late 1950s the tractor industry made frequent appearance updates, even though there wasn’t much new to offer technically. In the 1956 model lineup, white was added for the first time to IH’s color scheme. The engines again gained a few more horsepower — and a few models also had increased displacement. The 350 models were now also available with a Continental diesel engine. Thus, the models 350–650 were now available with gasoline, petrol, diesel, and propane engines. An unusual new feature was a hydraulic lift height indicator on the dashboard. As an option, a power-adjustable rear wheel spacing, modeled after Allis-Chalmers, was available. In 1957, a new intermediate model, the International 330, was introduced; it was basically a 350 equipped with a smaller engine. It was not available in the row-crop version.

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McCormick International/Farmall 130-650

In 1956, IH Germany introduced the Farmall D-series tractors, which used the same pre-chamber diesel engines as the previous models. The model designation indicated the number of cylinders and power output in DIN horsepower. The design was more angular than before. Unlike the earlier 5-speed transmission, all models featured a ZF 6+1-speed transmission. The front axle was suspended. The most popular model in the series was the most powerful 3-cylinder D-324 with 24 horsepower.

In 1957, a hydraulic hand clutch – Agriomatic – was introduced as an optional accessory for the 3-cylinder models, with 8+2 gears available when using it. The gear could be released with the hand clutch, meaning the clutch pedal was not needed to start moving.

In 1958, the so-called Standard Series tractors were introduced. These had even lower ground clearance and were no longer designed for implements attached between the axles. At the same time, the Farmall name was discontinued, and an aluminum-colored plate with the wording McCormick International appeared on the side of the engine hood.

Only the D-320 model was imported to Finland for a short time. In Finland, the focus was mainly on British models.

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McCormick International Farmall D-212 – D-324

In the German Farmall D series introduced in 1956, the only 4-cylinder model was initially the 30-horsepower D-430.

In 1959, the so-called Standard series tractors were introduced. At that time, the range of 4-cylinder models expanded with the D-436 and the D-440, which had a mechanically supercharged 40-horsepower engine. The Standard series tractors featured a new dashboard and a hand throttle on the steering column. The 4-cylinder Standard series tractors came standard with Agriomatic, a combination of a hydraulic hand clutch and a range gearbox. The Farmall name was no longer used for these models.

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McCormick International Farmall D-430 – D-440

Based on earlier FC models, the F-235 was developed in France. Its most significant change was the hydraulics called Modulor. The hydraulic unit was now located alongside the transmission, and a weight transfer system was standard. Both the gasoline and diesel engines were still 2.0 liters, but the power was increased by 26 horsepower at the nominal speed of 1650 rpm. At 2000 rpm, the power reached 31 hp. The diesel model's electrical system was 12 volts.

In 1959, the F-235 was replaced by the F-265. It was available only as a diesel model, whose engine was bored out to 2.2 liters. The power was now 35 hp. The number of gears was now 6+1. New was also a dual clutch. The electrical system was now 12 volts also in the gasoline version. The F-265 was still available as a tall Farmall, a more compact Utility, and a narrow Vigneron version intended for viticulture.

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McCormick International F-235 – F-265

In 1958, the Farmall and International 40/60 series were introduced. As usual, the Farmalls were row-crop versions, most commonly equipped with front wheels placed side by side. The Internationals, on the other hand, were general-purpose tractors with a wide front axle. The angular design clearly differed from earlier models. The Farmall 140 was still an offset tractor — a successor to the old A model — which remained in the lineup for nearly 40 years. The Farmall 240 had shed even more of its former roots and now resembled the larger models more closely. These models shared a 4+1 transmission and the same 2.0-liter gasoline engine as the previous models, with a bit more power being extracted. The advertised power ratings increased significantly when ads switched from indicating engine power at the pulley to engine power. The 240 now had a water pump for cooling. As an alternative to the Fast-Hitch system, it was now possible to get a standard-type 3-point quick coupling device. The electrical system was now 12 volts.

By the time of the next model update in 1963, the Farmall 140 was redesigned to match the 404/504 models and remained in the lineup until 1979.

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McCormick International/Farmall 140-340

In the more angular Farmall and International 60 models introduced in 1958, completely new six-cylinder engines were fitted. The electrical system was now 12 volts. Apart from changes in gear ratios, the powertrain remained essentially the same. There were 5+1 gears, and with the Torque Amplifier quick-shift feature, 10+2. The PTO was independent of the clutch pedal. Instead of IH’s own Fast-Hitch system, the lift could also be equipped with a three-point quick coupling. For the hydraulics, you could choose either a 45-liter or a 64-liter pump. Hydrostatic steering was available as an option on the IH models—that is, the versions fitted with a wide front axle. A new feature in the hydraulic controls was the ability to switch from single-acting to double-acting using levers on the dashboard.

By far the most popular model in the range was the Farmall 560, even though it’s mentioned as one of the worst tractors in IH’s history. The problems were failure of the final drive and poor diesel starting performance. The improved powertrain was retrofitted to the 20,000 tractors built up to that point. The model 660 was very different from its predecessor. Earlier models had a large, heavy-duty engine and 5+1 gears. This time, the 660 was based on the smaller models—mainly by increasing the engine’s operating speed—and the quick-shift gearbox was standard. At least the diesel engine now started with an ignition key and starter motor instead of the previous gasoline-start system.

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McCormick International/Farmall 460-660

The McCormick International B450 was an updated version of the Farmall-based BWD-6 model. The model introduced in 1958 had the same 4.3-liter prechamber diesel engine as the previous model. There were still only 5+1 gears. Speeds had increased thanks to the larger wheels. A differential lock and an hour meter were optional extras. A cold start device was standard. Otherwise, the standard equipment was minimal. The three-point hitch and power take-off also became standard equipment later on in Finland. The B450 was also available as a four-wheel-drive version, with the front-wheel drive components supplied by Roadless. The B450 was considerably more expensive than competing Nuffield and Fordson tractors, but also a somewhat more robust tractor.

At the end of 1963, the B450 was replaced by the B614. The engine was a larger prechamber diesel, which had long been used, for example, in IH's tracked tractors. The clutch had grown to 13 inches, and there were now 8+2 gears. The appearance, with its light-colored grille, resembled the smaller B414 model.

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McCormick International B450-B614

The French IH lineup for the year 1961 included two power classes. Below the 35-horsepower F-267 came the 30-horsepower F-237. Both had 6+1 gears. The front end was more angular than before, and the grille was white. The rear axle was new and now equipped with disc brakes. The power take-off also had a speed of 1000 rpm.

The last French tractors developed based on the Farmall C were the F-240 and F-270 introduced at the end of 1962. The model designation of the smaller version changed from Utility to Standard. The hood was lightly reshaped once again. The hydraulics were more powerful than before, and from 1964 onwards, a synchronized lower range quick gear was available for the transmission.

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McCormick International F-237 – F-270

In the 1962 German IH lineup, there were still only two 4-cylinder models, even though competitors had introduced 50-60 horsepower models to their ranges. The design of the hood was new, and the developed Exact hydraulics as well as the Agriomatic hand clutch were standard. The fuel tank was significantly larger than before.

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McCormick International D-432 – D-439

German IH models experienced minor updates in 1962. Visually, the most noticeable changes were the new grille and the white seat cushion. Despite the new model designations, the power was not increased compared to earlier versions. The most significant technical change was the Exact hydraulics on the 3-cylinder models, which promised to maintain working depth more precisely than before. The controls were also improved.

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McCormick International D-215 – D-326

At the top of the German IH range, the 50-horsepower D-514 was introduced in 1963. It was developed from the American 504, which had been introduced in 1961. The four-cylinder 3.1-liter engine and the 10+2-speed transmission were brought from the USA. The transmission was equipped with a Torque Amplifier quick-shift feature, which was an optional extra on the equivalent American model. The steering was hydrostatic.

The D-514 remained a short-lived and rare model. In the same power class, the 523 was introduced in 1965, developed as a German-French collaboration.

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McCormick International D-514

Here is the translation of the text to English:

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The International 806, which came to Europe in 1965, was a medium-sized model from a reputable series that had started in 1960 with the models 404/504 and whose flagship in 1965 was the turbocharged 1206. In the 06 series, the driver’s seat was moved from behind the rear axle to directly above it. The gear levers were located on the side of the dashboard. There was no foot throttle at all. The hydraulics were completely renewed. The tractor had a total of three hydraulic pumps, with a working hydraulic output of 45 l/min. The weight transfer system was based on draft arm sensing.

A new feature in the series was also Dyna-Life, a clutch disc with ceramic coatings. Thanks to the Torque Amplifier quick-shift, the tractor had 16+8 gears. The steering was hydrostatic and the brakes hydraulically assisted. The power take-off speeds were 540 and 1000 rpm. There was no differential lock.

The 806’s engine was a 5.9-liter unit with SAE power output depending on the source of either 110 or 119 hp. The tractor in Europe was equipped with a wide front axle, and the Swedish brochure also shows a four-wheel drive model. From 1965 onwards, the series was available with a factory-installed air-conditioned cab. Alongside the 806, the 89 hp 706 was also brought to Europe. For the American market, naturally, gasoline engine models and their liquefied petroleum gas versions were also offered. In 1967, the 706 model received a German-made 5.1-liter diesel D-310. In France, the 706 was called the 716 and the 806 the 816, because the local car manufacturer had reserved three-digit model numbers with zero in the middle.

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International Farmall 706-1206

In the summer of 1965, completely new German models 523 and 624 were introduced. The first digit of the model number indicated the power category, the middle digit the country of manufacture, and the last digit the number of cylinders. The tractors had angular designs. The engines were completely new direct injection diesels. The new French-made 8+4 gearbox developed by ZF was fully synchronized, and the optional Agriomatic S version featured a hydraulic quick shift and reverse function. A PTO operating at 1000 rpm, implemented on a separate shaft, was available as an option, as was hydrostatic steering. In 1967, four-wheel-drive versions equipped with ZF axles were introduced.

In 1969, the 724 was introduced with a new 3.9-liter engine producing 67 hp. The engine included two additional balance shafts to dampen vibrations. In 1971, the line was complemented by the 75-horsepower 824. In Finland, models 523 and 623 were imported at the end of the 1960s, and models 724 and 824 in the early 1970s, whose power was reported in Finland as peak power (75 hp for the 724 and 80 hp for the 824) instead of using the DIN standard. Tractors in Finland were equipped with Horsma or Siro cabs.

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McCormick International 523-824

In 1961, International introduced the turbocharged, four-wheel steering large tractor, the 4300. It had a 13.4-liter six-cylinder engine and 8 gears. In 1965, the smaller 4100 was introduced, with a turbocharged 7.0-liter engine. The clutch was oil-bathed. A factory-installed cab was available for the 4100. With four-wheel steering, the turning radius was 8.2 meters, and with two-wheel steering, 13.4 meters. The steering mode could be switched while driving. In 1969, after minor updates, the model designation was changed to 4156.

In the 4166, produced from 1972 to 1976, the engine had grown to 7.1 liters (175 hp SAE) and the color changed from yellow-white to red-white of the smaller models. All these models were driven by front wheels only but were four-wheel drive. The 4166 was the first model to be imported into Europe.

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International 4100-4166

McCormick International 276 and 434 replaced the earlier B-275 and B-414 models in 1966. The angular design was significantly more modern than the previous models. The engine power was increased, but they were the same 4-cylinder pre-chamber diesel engines as in the earlier models. A power take-off independent of the driving clutch was available as an optional feature for the 434 model, as was the Speed Amplifier quick shift.

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McCormick International 276-434

In 1966, the IH D-324/326, which had been manufactured since 1956, was replaced with the updated model 323, whose angular design was similar to the 523 and 624 models introduced the previous year. The 323 featured the predecessor's prechamber diesel engine (26 hp). The parallel model 423 had a new 2.5-liter direct injection diesel engine. Later, the lineup was further complemented with models 353 and 453, which had the same basic engine as the 423.

The model range called CM was the result of German-French cooperation. The engine and hydraulics were German, the transmission was French, and the tractors were assembled in both countries. These small models were not widely sold in Finland; instead, focus there was on English models at the lower end of the range.

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McCormick International 323-453

The Farmall 826, introduced in 1969, was one of the first tractors equipped with hydrostatic power transmission. The first had been the smaller 656, which came onto the market in 1967. The transmission had two speed ranges, and speed was controlled with a lever located on the left side of the dashboard. This American tractor, with a power output of 123 SAE horsepower, was also imported to Finland. Alternatively, it was available with a mechanical transmission of either 8+4 or 16+8 gears. The power take-off output was 7 hp higher with the mechanical transmission than with the hydrostatic one. Other features included a ceramic clutch disc and a hydraulically controlled differential lock. Most models were also available with European-style four-wheel drive. The larger 6.7-liter 1026 Hydro was not brought to Europe, where the focus was instead on the 756 and 856 models alongside the 826 Hydro.

The 766 introduced in 1971 represents a revamped lineup, featuring, among other things, a new generation of engines, the Dyna-Life clutch, and more powerful hydraulics.

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International Farmall 756 – 856

The flagship of the Doncaster factory in 1968 was the 634, introduced as the successor to the B-614, whose power was increased to 66 horsepower DIN. The engine was an England-made 4.6-liter pre-chamber diesel that produced its peak power at 1600 rpm. The basic engine design originated from a gasoline engine developed in the USA during the 1930s and featured only 3 main bearings and dry cylinder liners. The 13" clutch disc was ceramic. The draft control system was borrowed from American IH models. The hydraulics were quite powerful for the time, with a flow rate of 39 liters per minute and a lifting capacity of 2300 kg. Technically, the 634 was quite advanced aside from the antique engine. Some refinements, such as hydrostatic steering and a power take-off independent of the driving clutch, were, however, optional extras in Finland. The 634 in Finland was equipped with a Horsma cab. The SAE power was reported in Finland as 78 hp at 1800 rpm. There was also a rare four-wheel-drive model of the 634, with the four-wheel-drive system supplied by County.

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International 634

In the International model introduced in 1968, the British model 444 was also taken into production in the USA to replace the 404. The only American-based 4-cylinder model was the 544. Its 3.9-liter diesel engine was imported from Germany. The 544 was available with a basic 5+1 gearbox, a quick-shift version with 10+2, and a hydrostatic transmission. The era of row-crop tractors equipped with dual front wheels was coming to an end, but the 544 was still available as a tall Farmall version and as a compact International.

In 1972, the updated 66 series was introduced, whose smallest model was the 6-cylinder 666. Its engine power was 75 hp and 90 hp in the Hydro version. Below the 666, the 564 was introduced, which was the 654 manufactured in Germany. In 1973, the 666 Hydro was renamed the 70 Hydro.

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International Farmall 544-666

In 1971, the revamped Farmall series was introduced, featuring new engines and more powerful hydraulics. Models 966, 1066, 1466, and 1566 were brought to Europe. The 966 had a 6.8-liter engine producing 105 hp. Its counterpart was the 966 Hydro (later Hydro 100), equipped with a hydrostatic transmission. The same turbocharged engine was used in the 1066 model. Above it was the 7.1-liter turbocharged 1466, and in 1974, the more powerful 1566 model was introduced as an upgraded version. At the top of the lineup were the 1468 and 1568, equipped with International's 9.0-liter V8 truck engine. However, the flagship models of the IH lineup were the large tractors 4166, 4366, and 4568.

The 966 had a 16+8 gearbox with a hydraulic power shuttle. The 12" clutch plate was ceramic. In addition to the standard gearbox, the 1066 was available with a hydrostatic transmission. The 1566 had only 3 basic gears and a total of 12+6 gears. The hydraulically engaged power take-off had shafts running at 540 and 1000 rpm, while the 1466 and 1566 had only 1000 rpm shafts. Steering was hydrostatic, and the hydraulic disc brakes were equipped with a booster. There were a total of three hydraulic pumps: for the working hydraulics, steering, and power take-off engagement. The pictures show a model sold in Sweden equipped with a Hara cab.

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International Farmall 966-1568

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The first German 6-cylinder Internationals 946 and 1046 were introduced in the spring of 1971. They were also the first models to feature a new grille and rectangular headlights. The transmission was a partially synchronized ZF unit, and the hydraulic pump was produced by Bosch. The power take-off was standard with 540/1000 rpm on separate shafts—a solution that was seen in many later models as well. Also standard were two external hydraulic control valves, draft control, and hydrostatic steering. The transmission had 12+5 speeds and, as standard in Finland, a reduction gear that operated with the 1st and 2nd gears. All gears except 1st and 2nd were synchronized. The range gear was also synchronized.

In 1972, the largest model became the turbocharged 1246. It was IH’s first 6-cylinder to not use a separate subframe as a load-bearing structure, and the same change was also made to the 946 and 1046 models. In 1974, the power of the 946 was increased to 90 horsepower. In 1976, the factory-installed Comfort 2000 cab was introduced (shown in the lower picture). The 946 and 1046 were replaced by the 955 and 1055 in 1977, while the 1246 continued until 1980.

In Finland, the power of the 1046 was stated as 110 hp and the 1246 as 130 hp. The corresponding DIN figures were 100 and 122 hp. In Finland, the Turla cab, supported by rubber mounts (shown in the 2nd picture), was used until 1976.

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International 946-1246

In the summer of 1972, the tractor brand changed from McCormick International to simply International, and the plastic grille was replaced with a square-patterned aluminum grille. The smallest models in the lineup, the 523 and 624, were replaced by the slightly more powerful 553 and 654, which were manufactured in France as well as Germany.

Only the 824 was imported to Finland, as English models were sold in the 50-70 horsepower category. In 1973, the 824 received a new engine and its power increased from 75 to 80 horsepower.

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International 553-824

In 1972, the German and French middle-class IH models diverged when France introduced the 734 and 834 to replace the 724 and 824. Like the smaller models, the French ones had their own cockpits that were open at the back, but otherwise the differences were minor. The lift force was reported to be slightly higher in the French models.

In 1974, the 744/844 were introduced, and the German and French model ranges were once again unified.

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International 734-834

In the summer of 1972, new hoods were introduced to the small German series, and the Mc Cormick brand was dropped from the tractors. At the same time, the driver's conditions were improved in the smaller models. The largest model of the series, the 453, was brought to Finland, with a reported power output of 48 hp there. In addition to Germany, the model range was also manufactured in France. The French models used their own cab (the white cab in the picture).

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International 323-453

IH's American large tractors had only been front-wheel steered. However, it wanted to offer frame-steered large tractors like its competitors. The industry pioneer Steiger had been looking for a new owner, and in 1972, 30% of Steiger's shares were transferred to IH. Already the following year, the IH 4366 was introduced, which was manufactured at the Steiger factory and used a 7.6-liter IH engine with a power output of 225 hp. The transmission was a 10+2-speed Fuller.

For 1976, the IH 4568 was introduced alongside it, equipped with a 13-liter V8, which was fundamentally based on the same Steiger technology as the 4366.

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International 4366-4568

The German IH middle class, the so-called B-series, consisted of models 554-844 from 1974 onwards. In the earlier model range (553-824), sales were concentrated on the smallest models, but in the new series the favorite became the 844-S (80 hp).

In the new series, the synchronized 8+4 transmission also featured a mechanical reduction gear for lower speeds. The gear selectors were located on the dashboard under the steering wheel. The lifting capacity had been significantly increased compared to before. The production program included versions with both dry and oil-immersed disc brakes. In Finland, the 844 had oil-immersed brakes. The hydraulics featured draft-arm sensing. The cab was initially installed locally (the pictured four-wheel drive model Turla in Finland). In 1976, the factory-installed Comfort 2000 was introduced (see 946-1246). At the same time, the gear pattern was changed and the reduction gear became synchronized.

In Finland, the 844 was initially sold, and in 1976 it was replaced by the 844-S. The wheelbase of the 844 was 27 cm longer than the previous 824.

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International 554-844

Models 383, 423, and 453 were replaced in 1975 by the 433, 533, and 633. These models formed the simplest lineup of the German and French IH production, the so-called A-family. The most important innovation compared to the predecessors was the new synchronized transmission. The hydraulics were also improved and enhanced. In 1980 and 1981, the lineup was expanded upwards with models 733 and 833. At the same time, the Silent 85 cab, manufactured by the French company Timmerman, was introduced.

The lineup remained in production as a further developed, inexpensive basic tractor until the 1990s. In 1985, the brand naturally changed to Case IH, in 1987 the cab was renewed, and in 1989 production moved to England, after which the 33 series was replaced by the 40 series.

Only model 533 of the 33 series was imported to Finland between 1975 and 1977, equipped with the Turla cab, as smaller IH models were mostly imported to Finland from England. The technical data in the table correspond to the earlier models.

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International/Case IH 433-833

In 1976, the updated 4186 succeeded the IH 4166. It had a rigid frame but was quite agile thanks to four-wheel steering. The engine was a turbocharged 7.1-liter. The transmission was 8+4, and the clutch was a single-plate oil-immersed type. The cab came standard with air conditioning. In 1978, the rigid-frame large tractor was discontinued from the IH lineup, leaving only the Steiger-based articulated models.

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International 4186

In the fall of 1976, the 66 series was replaced by the 86 series in the American lineup. The most important innovation was a new quiet and air-conditioned factory-installed Control Center cab, which was positioned further forward than before. V8 engines were discontinued, and part of the lineup was now also available with four-wheel drive. The brakes in most models were now oil-immersed and external.

Models 886, 986, 1086, 1486, and 1586 were introduced to Europe, available both as rear-wheel and four-wheel drive. The transmission in the smaller models was synchronized with a 16+8 hydraulic quick-shift. The 1586 (180 hp) had only 3 basic gears instead of 4, with a total count of 12+6. The clutch was reinforced, and the clutch disc was increased to 14 inches starting from the 1086. An optional small digital multifunction display showed, among other things, the driving speed and PTO speed. For an American tractor, the 86 was rather short.

The smallest models in the lineup were the 5.1-liter 686 and Hydro 86. The 886 had a displacement of 5.9 liters, while the 1086 had a 6.8-liter turbocharged engine with a power of 148 hp. The engines of the 986 and Hydro 186 were 7.1 liters. The same engine was turbocharged in the most powerful models, the 1486 and 1586. The large frame, articulated models started from this size upward. At the top was the 13-liter turbocharged 4586.

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International 686-1586

For the year 1977, the large tractors based on Steiger technology were updated. The six-cylinder 4386 now had a power output of 234 hp, and the 4586's V8 had 300 hp. The transmission remained the same 10+2, but at least in Europe, the top speed was lower than before. The size of the 4386 was increased to match that of the 4586. New features in these models included a digital instrument cluster and an electronic monitoring system. In addition to these models, the rigid-frame 4186, manufactured by IH itself, was still available until 1978.

In 1979, the Steiger-based lineup was complemented by the 350-horsepower 4786, which was otherwise similar to the 4586.

In 1981, the large tractors were intended to be replaced by the fully developed 7088 series models, but IH, which had run into financial difficulties, sold its stake in Steiger to Deutz, and the new series never came on the market in IH colors.

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International 4386-4786

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The 946-1246 models were replaced by the C series models 955 and 1055 introduced in 1977, as well as the D series 1255 and 1455 introduced in 1979. The C series was manufactured in Germany, France, and South Africa, while the D series was produced only in Germany. The tractors manufactured in Germany already used the flat-floor Comfort 2000 cab, which was also used in previous models.

The 955 and 1055 had IH's own 16+8 Synchron transmission with a mechanical underdrive powershift. The 1255 and 1455, on the other hand, had the old ZF 12+5 or 16+7, the latter featuring more low gears. The front axles on the four-wheel drive models were ZF models with a rather small steering angle. The front axle had a friction lock, except for the first years of the 955 and 1055 models. The brakes on the 955 and 1055 were changed to oil-immersed types in 1979. The 1255 and 1455 used drum brakes.

The engine of the 955 was enlarged in 1979 to the same 5.9-liter unit used in the 1055 and, as a turbocharged version, in the 1255. The 1455 got a new 6.6-liter engine. A torque converter was available for both the 1255 and 1455. The lifting capacity of the 1255 and 1455 was a good just-under-5-tons for its time, and with auxiliary cylinders it could be raised to 6.15 tons.

In Finland, power figures were once again reported as peak power instead of the DIN standard: 95 hp for the 955, 110 hp for the 1055, 135 hp for the 1255, and 160 hp for the 1455.

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International 955-1455

At the beginning of 1979, IH introduced its unprecedented long-hooded 2+2 tractors. These were articulated tractors, in which, unlike other designs, the cab was located on the rear unit. The rear end was the same as in the traditional 86-series tractors. The engine was positioned in front of the front axle, and in the middle of the tractor was a 579-liter fuel tank. The engine in the 3388 was a turbocharged 7.1-liter, and in the 3588 a 7.6-liter. The 16+8 transmission was equipped with a 2-speed hydraulic power shift.

In 1980, a more powerful 3788 was introduced, with 200 hp. The gearbox in this model was 12+6.

For 1982, the models were updated. Model numbers became 6388, 6588, and a year later the 6788 was introduced. This was mainly an aesthetic update: the grille’s chrome was changed to black, and the cab's white color became red-black. The rear end now corresponded to the 2-wheel-drive tractors of the 88-series introduced in 1981. The technical specifications remained unchanged. The most significant improvement was made in making shifting easier. At the top of the lineup, the 7288 (210 hp) and 7488 (235 hp) were developed, but soon after production started, in 1984, Tenneco purchased IH, and the production of the 2+2 tractors was quickly discontinued, even though their sales had gone fairly well.

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International 3388-3788

IH tractors received a top-class cab in 1981 when the French XL cab was introduced. The cab was built from thin sheet metal and had only one pillar on the side. For maintenance work, the cab could be tilted forward. The heating system was low-powered.

Already in 1980, the 744 was replaced by two models: the 743 and the 745. At the same time, production of a lower-powered version of the 844 ended. These models were also manufactured alongside the XL models with either a rollover bar or cabs installed by external manufacturers. These basic models also still featured dry disc brakes.

In the spring of 1983, the 856 was introduced, equipped with the 745’s 3.9-liter turbocharged engine. A new feature in the 856 was Rexroth’s Sens-O-Draulic hydraulics, where the linkage that sensed the draft resistance of the lift was replaced by hydraulics. This system was also adopted for other models in 1985, when the cab was updated to the design shown in the small photo. At the same time, the range gearbox became synchronized (previously only the fast range was synchronized).

The power outputs reported in Finland otherwise corresponded to the international figures, but the 844 was rated at 83 hp.

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International 743-856 XL

In the spring of 1981, the 86-series tractors were replaced by the 88-series. The 886 was succeeded by the 3288, and the 986 by the 3688. A year later, two smaller models were added: the 3088 and the 3488 Hydro. The 3088 series models had 5.9- and 7.1-liter naturally aspirated six-cylinder engines and 16 gears, using a 2-speed powershift. The powershift was controlled by a lateral movement of the main gear lever. The cab was a similar air-conditioned Control Center as in the larger models, and there were three different interior options available, with leather being the most expensive. The controls were centralized on the right-side panel.

The 3688 was available with an optional closed hydraulic system. The engine oil change interval was extended to 200 hours. The cooling air circulation was similar to that of the 5088 series. The tractors were also available as four-wheel-drive models. The technical specifications presented are for rear-wheel-drive models according to the US market.

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International 3088-3688

In 1981, the 84 series was replaced by the 85 series at the same time as the introduction of the XL cab, which had been seen somewhat earlier in German models but was new to the English models. The curved glass and thin sheet metal cab construction was quite advanced for the small size class. Unfortunately, the gear levers were still on the left side, following the English tradition. Alongside the XL, there was still the L cab manufactured by Sekura, which was not brought to Finland.

The four-wheel-drive models were now a stronger part of the lineup than before. Power was delivered via a side shaft, and the 10-meter turning circle was still large, but the front axle was now equipped with a limited-slip differential. The range extended to a higher power class than before, with a new model available offering 82 horsepower, the 885. The Hydro 85 was also still available, but it was not brought to Finland, where only the 585 and 685 models were sold. The 685 came standard with an auxiliary lift cylinder, which increased the lift capacity to 2380 kilograms. The 85 series did not arrive in Finland until 1982.

The lineup was expanded downward in 1984 with the 45-horsepower 385, which was also not brought to Finland.

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International 485-885

In the spring of 1981, the 86-series tractors were replaced by the 88-series. The 886 was replaced by the 3288 and the 986 by the 3688. A year later, two small models were added: the 3088 and 3488 Hydro. The 3088 series models had 5.9- and 7.1-liter naturally aspirated six-cylinder engines and 16 gears, utilizing a 2-speed power shift.

In the spring of 1981, the larger 1086, 1486, and 1586 models were replaced by the 5088, 5288, and 5488 models. The smallest of these had a turbocharged 7.1-liter engine, while the larger ones had 7.6-liter engines. The 205-horsepower 5488 had an intercooler. The 5088 series had a new 18+6 transmission, with a 2-speed power shift controlled by a sideways movement of the basic gear lever (see picture below). The gear spacing was very even. The cooling air circulation was quite unusual: air was taken from above the engine hood and blown forward through the grille.

In the new cab, the controls were centralized on the right. Noise level was 77.5–78.5 decibels. In Europe, the tractors were sold as four-wheel drive. Hydraulic output was 106 liters per minute, and the system was load-sensing. The successor to the 5088 models was supposed to be introduced in 1985, but after Tenneco bought IH, development was merged with Case, and in the Magnume series IH was essentially just the cab.

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International 5088-5488

A high-quality XL cab was also introduced for the larger models in 1981. Factory-installed air conditioning was also available for these models. In Finland, a hydraulic tilt adjuster was standard equipment.

The turning radius of the 1255 and 1455 was reduced from 12 meters to 11 meters thanks to the new front axle. However, the four-wheel drive was still implemented with a side-mounted driveshaft. At the same time, these models received a new 20+9 gearbox, still manufactured by ZF, which also had a 40 km/h version. A torque converter clutch was available as an optional extra, and in Finland, it became standard equipment on the 1455 from 1983 onward.

In Finland, power ratings were once again specified as maximum power rather than according to the DIN standard: 97 hp for the 955, 110 hp for the 1055, 135 hp for the 1255, and 160 hp for the 1455.

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International 955-1455 XL

The 956 and 1056 models replaced the smaller-numbered models in 1982. In the update, power was increased by 5 horsepower to 95 and 105 (in Finland, peak power was reported as 97 and 110 hp). The transmission lubrication was changed to pressure lubrication, and the hydraulic oil capacity was increased.

At the beginning of 1985, the placement of the controls was changed, and the draft control sensing was changed to a more quickly responding hydraulic Sens-O-Draulic system. At the same time, 40 km/h versions were also introduced, which had not yet been seen in Finland.

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